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The virus has a single-stranded RNA genome and an enzyme called reverse transcriptase. Once the viral genome is integrated into the host genome, it can be transcribed into RNA by the host enzymes at which point it can reproduce. Since viruses are able to use a broad range of replication mechanisms to reproduce, scientists working on the development of anti-viral drugs need to specifically investigate the individual viruses one by one.
Many of the currently used drugs interfere with viral replication, for example the so-called nucleoside analogues which are used against the hepatitis B virus. Replication is also of great interest in the field of medicine, in particular in the fight against cancer.
Cancer cells are body cells that no longer behave normally - they replicate their genome and proliferate far more often than healthy cells. Researchers and physicians exploit this behaviour in their work on substances designed to interfere with cancer growth. Some substances inhibit replication, which prevents tumour growth. Modern chemotherapy uses alkylating agents e.
These substances bind to DNA via alkyl groups. Since these groups have two binding sites, the genome is joined together, thereby preventing it from replicating. Another example is platinum analogues that are among the most effective chemotherapeutic drugs. These substances have a platinum atom that binds to the DNA and joins it e. Substances like anthracyclins and the antibiotic doxorubicin intercalate DNA and make it unaccessible to DNA polymerase, thereby preventing the enzyme from synthesising DNA.
The principle of replication was used for the first time in the s by molecular biologists in the laboratory. When researchers are investigating DNA they usually have very small amounts of the molecule available. In order to be able to make effective statements, the quantity of DNA needs to be increased. The DNA fragments of interest are used as a template, to which free DNA constituents nucleotides and specific primer sequences are added.
The PCR process consists of several cycles of repeated heating and cooling of the reaction in order to melt and enzymatically replicate the DNA. As the reaction progresses, the DNA generated is used as a template for further amplification. If the researchers do not know the sequence of the DNA template to be replicated, the primers used can help indicate the sequence as they consist of a specific sequence of nucleotides that enable the scientists to draw conclusions on the amplified material.
PCR has been further developed in many ways and has now become a standard automated method in molecular biology laboratories around the world. What made autonomously replicating systems develop? Many scientists assume that RNAs were the first replicating macromolecules. RNAs, just like DNA, are in principle able to create negative blueprints of themselves through spontaneous base-pairing.
In contrast to double-stranded DNA, RNA can also adapt different spatial shapes so that it can also function as an enzyme that catalyses its own replication. Whether the first cells actually had an RNA genome and DNA became their genome in a secondary step, is still a matter of controversy.
Please enable Javascript in your browser. The replication fork, which is created through the action of the enzyme helicase, and all the enzymes that are important for DNA replication.
The schematic depicts the mechanism of DNA replication. Human chromosomes under the light microscope: In eukaryotic cells, the genetic information is extremely densely packaged. The photo shows the chromosomes against a black background.
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